Technology and Technological Advances Shape the American Culture :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Innovative Advances Shape the American Culture Individuals remain current with occasions that are going on worldwide from various perspectives. They watch the news on TVs, read the paper or go to news station's sites. Thinking back on past times worth remembering, before TV, mobile phones, and the Internet, life was straightforward. It is incredible how the little advances in innovation since the late 1800s have formed American culture. I recollect 1948 well. This is when digital TV had fifty stations the nation over and one million collectors. From here the broadcast business developed higher than ever. By 1951, Americans everywhere throughout the nation could watch something very similar. I review CBS's endeavor at broadcasting appears in shading. This thought didn't keep going long because of the utilization of innovation confusing with what was utilized in high contrast TVs. One late night in 1953, I saw on the news that the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) affirmed the RCA similarity framework that made shading and hi gh contrast genuine. The expansion of shading gave another importance to TV. Later in 1953, the principal instructive TV (ETV) station broadcast. Being only a child as of now, instructive shows didn't interest me, however my mom made me watch them. Regardless of endeavors to overlook what was being stated, I learned beyond what I could envision. Around 1956, the principal films were delivered in Hollywood and conveyed around the nation. I watched this selective occasion on the family TV. My folks didn't comprehend the adventure of motion pictures coming out. I get it was on the grounds that they were excessively antiquated. The TV channels that we observe today became national link stations during the 1970s. I recollect 1975 as though it was yesterday. During this year the HBO station turned into the primary national link organize. In those days, HBO watchers didn't pay extra for the motion pictures or shows they viewed. Presently on the off chance that you need to watch a film on HBO you pay extra on your link charge, that is, if your link organization gives HBO. Another link organize that went national during the late 1970s was TBS. The TBS superstation was one of my preferred stations during that time. The shows communicated have improved and the films have gotten all the more fascinating. TV station choices were uncommon during the 70s, however then the 80s came and with this decade came others. Innovation and Technological Advances Shape the American Culture :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers Mechanical Advances Shape the American Culture Individuals remain current with occasions that are occurring worldwide from multiple points of view. They watch the news on TVs, read the paper or go to news station's sites. Thinking back on past times worth remembering, before TV, phones, and the Internet, life was straightforward. It is mind boggling how the little advances in innovation since the late 1800s have molded American culture. I recall 1948 well. This is when satellite TV had fifty stations the nation over and one million collectors. From here the media business developed higher than ever. By 1951, Americans everywhere throughout the nation could watch something very similar. I review CBS's endeavor at broadcasting appears in shading. This thought didn't keep going long because of the utilization of innovation crisscrossing with what was utilized in high contrast TVs. One late night in 1953, I saw on the news that the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) endorsed the RCA similarity framework that made shading and hig hly contrasting legitimate. The expansion of shading gave another significance to TV. Later in 1953, the main instructive TV (ETV) station broadcast. Being only a child right now, instructive shows didn't captivate me, however my mom made me watch them. Regardless of endeavors to disregard what was being stated, I learned beyond what I could envision. Around 1956, the principal films were created in Hollywood and conveyed around the nation. I watched this selective occasion on the family TV. My folks didn't comprehend the adventure of motion pictures coming out. I get it was on the grounds that they were excessively antiquated. The TV slots that we observe today became national link stations during the 1970s. I recall 1975 as though it was yesterday. During this year the HBO station turned into the primary national link arrange. In those days, HBO watchers didn't pay extra for the motion pictures or shows they viewed. Presently on the off chance that you need to watch a film on HBO you pay extra on your link charge, that is, if your link organization gives HBO. Anothe r link arrange that went national during the late 1970s was TBS. The TBS superstation was one of my preferred stations during that time. The shows communicated have shown signs of improvement and the motion pictures have gotten all the more intriguing. TV slot choices were uncommon during the 70s, yet then the 80s came and with this decade came others.

Florida Tech University Online MBA Program Essays

Florida Tech University Online MBA Program Essays Florida Tech University Online MBA Program Essay Florida Tech University Online MBA Program Essay Florida Tech University Online MBA Program has been teaching conspicuous business administrators, space explorers and beautified U.S. officers for more than fifty years. With our globally perceived group ofâ committedâ faculty, a promise to scholastic greatness and our graduated class who keep the Florida Tech University convention alive through our exceptional accomplishments. Winning a degree requests a noteworthy time responsibility on your part. You need to be certain beyond a shadow of a doubt that all your difficult work will pay off with a degree that’s perceived as well as respected. Florida Tech University is broadly accredited. Which means you can be sure that the college has been judgedâ â evaluated to reliably satisfy the excellent guidelines. Not exclusively will potential businesses perceive your degree from Florida Tech University, yet numerous other locally certify establishments will perceive your certifications also. Florida Tech University has culminated our video based E learning framework with all the advantages of a customary  on grounds study hall condition. You will be drenched in an online domain that lets you learn at your pace and your comfort while working around your bustling calendar. Snap the Banner underneath for the Official:â : Florida Tech University Online MBA Program no GMAT USC Social Work Online MBA Program no GMAT with a respected notoriety for instructive greatness, the examination financing andâ diversity, the University of Southern California’s School of Social Work readies its understudies for significant positions of authority in both general society and private areas and associations that serve our country, its families and our networks out of luck. A genuine pioneer in the best in class projects of our online examination, the Southern California’s School of Social Work is one of the most noteworthy positioned schools of social work in Southern California and is among the main 10 in the nation. The USC online Virtual Academia Center is best in class and offers its understudies the chance to learn and win a Master of Social Work degree with no moving and is extraordinarily intended to control social laborers with the broad information and hands on aptitudes to have a genuine effect in ourâ countryâ while improving the lives of our populace. Snap the Banner underneath for the Official: USC School of Social Work Online MBA Program no GMAT Vermont Law School Online MBA Program no GMAT is genuinely dedicated to having a critical effect in the network and the world. Our essential objective is to prep graduates who steward our ordinary frameworks and work at the crossing point of the law, economics,â politics, science, and morals. From our understudies, workforce, and staff the character of this college is locked in and communitarian while simultaneously inspired at this point moral, sophisticated,â intelligent and mindful. As a Vermont law understudy you will encounter a cutting edge, online instructive condition, interfacing with and gaining from our master workforce hand picked from the world’s driving ecological instructors, lawful researchers, and experts. All through your thorough educational program, you will end up concentrated on understanding the numerous complexities of  true natural law policymaking, and the legalities that control our ever growing ecological support. Vermont Law School’s law program has consistently been at the very bleeding edge of the field since the late 1970s and has likewise beenâ ranked number one by U.S. News numerousâ times since the mid 199os. It despite everything holds the differentiation of being the main program accessible on line is still offered from the top natural graduate schools in the United Sates. We accept that our condition is the most valuable asset we have. Inâ todaysâ day an age when our reality is under enormous strain, there is a consistently developing requirement for enthusiastic individuals who can commit their vocations to securing mother earth. Our lovely planet needs obvious victors who can change laws and arrangement over the globe; individuals who will fight the impact of progress through the support, approach change and of above all else activity. Vermont Law School hasâ two online degree optionsâ that will give you with the mastery you have to address the ever progressively complex nature of the ecological issues we face on a continuous premise as a general public. Snap the Banner beneath for the Official: Vermont Law School Online MBA Program no GMAT College of San Francisco Online MBA Program no GMAT was established route in 1855, the University of San Francisco has had a longstanding custom of genuine scholarly greatness. The University of San Francisco is licensed and was unequivocally insisted for the greatest 7 years during its latest college audit. College of San Francisco was first authorize in 1950 so our long stand responsibility to scholastic greatness justifies itself. The University of San Francisco School of Business and Management is additionally licensed by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business) the main authorizing body for business colleges in the USA. The University of San Francisco offers on the web and popular projects that empower you to increase numerous new significant aptitudes and qualifications all on the web, whenever the timing is ideal so you can even now meet your commitments to work and family. You will alsoâ enhance your mastery with the best business the executives apparatuses and methods accessible. Regardless of whether you have to execute and process numerous enhancements or step by step develop your association into a procedure based establishment, the University of San Francisco’s Master Certificate in Business Process Management gives you the devices you have to succeed. Each online course gives you the instruments you have to take advantage of the information and experience of our driving business the executives specialists in the country. In as meager as about two months, you will increase basic abilities that you can apply promptly in reality, at work and an important accreditations that will fill in as a noteworthy achievement as you complete every one of our courses. Snap the Banner underneath for the Official:â College of San Francisco Online MBA Program no GMAT Stay tuned for our next rundown of the top non GMAT programs in the nation just as probably the best or most moderate spots to get your GMAT if that is the course you need to head.

Women on Death Row

Ladies on Death Row It is without a doubt uncommon for a lady to be given capital punishment in the United States. Of the 3,146â persons waiting for capital punishment in the U.S. as of February 2013, just 61 of them, or 1.9 percent, were ladies. Of the 61 ladies who were waiting for capital punishment in 2013, 13â of them were indicted for murdering their spouses and additionally boyfriends,â 12 were sentenced for slaughtering their kids and two executed both their husbands and their youngsters, as indicated by Victor L. Streibs investigate in Death Penalty For Female Offenders, January 1, 1973 through February 20, 2013.â Not many Women on Death Row There are roughly 50,000 ladies in detainment facilities in the United States, just 0.1 percent of them are waiting for capital punishment. In contrast with men, passing condemning rates stay extremely low, with just 566 all out executions did against ladies since the main recorded execution in 1632 or under 3 percent of the all out executions. Not many ladies enter the capital homicide framework, less despite everything are ever really executed, as indicated by the Death Penalty Information Center: Ladies represent just 1 out of 10 homicide arrests.Women represent just 1 of every 47 capital punishments forced at the preliminary level.Women represent just 1 out of 51 people by and by on death row.Women represent just 1 out of 110 people really executed in the cutting edge time (since 1976). 14 Female Executions Rundown of Women Executed in the United States Since 1976 Number Date Name Ageat Execution Ageat Offense Race State Technique 1 November 2, 1984 Velma Margie Barfield 52 45 White North Carolina Deadly infusion 2 February 3, 1998 Karla Faye Tucker 38 23 White Texas Deadly infusion 3 Walk 30, 1998 Judias V. Buenoano 54 28 White Florida Electric shock 4 February 24, 2000 Betty Lou Beets 62 46 White Texas Deadly infusion 5 May 2, 2000 Christina Marie Riggs 28 26 White Arkansas Deadly infusion 6 January 11, 2001 Wanda Jean Allen 41 29 Dark Oklahoma Deadly infusion 7 May 1, 2001 Marilyn Kay Plantz 40 27 White Oklahoma Deadly infusion 8 December 4, 2001 Lois Nadean Smith 61 41 White Oklahoma Deadly infusion 9 May 10, 2002 Lynda Lyon Block 54 45 White Alabama Electric shock 10 October 9, 2002 Aileen Carol Wuornos 46 33 White Florida Deadly infusion 11 September 14, 2005 Frances Elaine Newton 40 21 Dark Texas Deadly infusion 12 September 23, 2010 Teresa Wilson Bean Lewis 41 33 White Virginia Deadly infusion 13 June 26, 2013 Kimberly LaGayle McCarthy 52 36 Dark Texas Deadly infusion 14 February 5, 2014 Suzanne Margaret Basso 59 44 White Texas Deadly infusion Source: Death Penalty Information Center

Joan Benoit - Marathon Runner

Joan Benoit - Marathon Runner Joan Benoit Facts: Known for: winning Boston Marathon (twice), womens long distance race at 1984 OlympicsDates: May 16, 1957 - Sport: olympic style sports, marathonCountry Represented: USAAlso known as: Joan Benoit Samuelson Olympic Gold Medal: 1984 Los Angeles Olympics, womens long distance race. Striking particularly in light of the fact that: it was the first run through the cutting edge Olympics games incorporated a long distance race for womenBenoit had knee medical procedure 17 days before the eventshe beat the ruling womens title holder, Grete Waitzher time was the third best ever for a lady Boston Marathon Wins: In front of the pack 1979: time 2:35:15Won 1983 Boston Marathon: time 2:22:42 Joan Benoit Biography: Joan Benoit began running when, at fifteen, she broke a leg skiing, and utilized running as her restoration. In secondary school she was an effective serious sprinter. She proceeded with olympic style events in school, Title IX giving her a bigger number of chances for school sports than she may some way or another have had. Boston Marathons Still in school, Joan Benoit entered the Boston Marathon in 1979. She got trapped in rush hour gridlock while in transit to the race, and ran two miles to get to the beginning stage before the race started. In spite of that additional running, and beginning at the rear of the pack, she pulled ahead and won the long distance race, with a period of 2:35:15. She came back to Maine to complete her last year of school, and endeavored to maintain a strategic distance from the exposure and meetings that she disdained to such an extent. Starting in 1981, she trained at Boston University. In December of 1981, Benoit had medical procedure on both Achilles ligaments, to attempt to fix repeating heel torment. The next September, she won a New England long distance race with a period of 2:26:11, a record for ladies, beating a past record by 2 minutes. In April of 1983, she entered the Boston Marathon once more. Grete Waitz had set another world record for ladies the day preceding at 2:25:29. Allison Roe of New Zealand was relied upon to win; she had come in first among the ladies in the 1981 Boston Marathon. The day gave brilliant climate to running. Roe dropped out due to leg issues, and Joan Benoit beat Waitz record by over 2 minutes, at 2:22:42. This was sufficient to qualify her for the Olympics. Still bashful, she was steadily becoming accustomed to the certainty of exposure. A test was raised to Benoits long distance race record: it was guaranteed that she had an uncalled for advantage from pacing, since mens long distance runner Kevin Ryan ran with her for 20 miles. The records board chose to allow her record to stand. Olympic Marathon Benoit started preparing for the Olympics preliminaries, which would be hung on May 12, 1984. Be that as it may, in March, her knee gave her issues which an endeavor very still didn't fathom. She attempted an enemy of aggravation sedate, however that likewise didn't resolve the knee issues. At long last, on April 25, she had arthroscopic medical procedure on her correct knee. Four days after medical procedure, she started running, and on May 3, ran for 17 miles. She had more issues with her correct knee and, from making up for that knee, her left hamstring, however she ran in the Olympic preliminaries in any case. By mile 17, Benoit was in the number one spot, and however her legs kept on being tight and difficult for the last miles, she came in first at 2:31:04, thus in spite of being only weeks out of medical procedure qualified for the Olympics. She prepared over the late spring, for the most part in the warmth of the day envisioning a hot run in Los Angeles. Grete Waitz was the normal victor, and Benoit meant to beat her. The first womens long distance race at a cutting edge Olympics was held August 5, 1984. Benoit accelerated early, and nobody else could surpass her. She completed at 2:24:52, the third best time for a womens long distance race and the best in any all-ladies long distance race. Waitz won the silver decoration, and Rosa Mota of Portugal won the bronze. After the Olympics In September she wedded Scott Samuelson, her school darling. She kept on attempting to maintain a strategic distance from exposure. She ran the Americas Marathon in Chicago in 1985, with a period of 2:21:21. In 1987, she ran the Boston Marathon again this time she was three months pregnant with her first kid. Mota took first. Benoit didnt take an interest in the 1988 Olympics, concentrating rather on child rearing her new newborn child. She ran the 1989 Boston Marathon, coming in ninth among the ladies. In 1991, she again ran the Boston Marathon, coming in fourth among the ladies. In 1991, Benoit was determined to have asthma, and back issues kept her from the 1992 Olympics. She was by then the mother of a subsequent youngster In 1994, Benoit won the Chicago Marathon in 2:37:09, meeting all requirements for the Olympic preliminaries. She set thirteenth in the preliminaries for the 1996 Olympics, with a period of 2:36:54. In the preliminaries for the 2000 Olympics, Benoit set ninth, at 2:39:59. Joan Benoit has fund-raised for the Special Olympics, Bsotons Big Sisters program and for numerous sclerosis. She has additionally been one of the sprinters voices on the Nike running framework. More Awards: Ms. Magazine Woman of the Year 1984Amateur Sportswoman of the Year 1984 (shared honor), from the Womens Sports FederationSullivan Award, 1986, from the Amateur Athletic Union, for best beginner competitor Training: open secondary school, MaineBowdoin College, Maine: graduated 1979graduate school: North Carolina State University Foundation, Family: Mother: Nancy BenoitFather: Andre Benoit Marriage, Children: spouse: Scott Samuelson (wedded September 29, 1984)children: Abigail and Anders

Kellogs Case Study

The administration procedure is answerable for distinguishing, envisioning and fulfilling client necessities gainfully. Components OF PRODUCT Kellogg’s give a such assortment of nourishment, their nourishment is solid. They are deal with giving a sheltered and sound workplace. Their nourishment is useful for wellbeing also, which is the primary concern what makes item significant to us. Center of item is advantage. Whatever is makes you fulfilled is center advantages. Cornflakes is the real result of kellogg’s, which is exist with the shading, style, marking, design, quality.Kellogg’s cornflakes is the most important, dependable, and a mainstream item which is makes us fulfilled to get it. So as to fulfilled center advantages organization make an item. Driving item is relying upon process advertising. E. g. I purchase mug of espresso, enlarge this cup with selave when it is hot. Increased component cost cash. Enlarge item is made with the client care, money, esta blishment, administration, conveyance, guarantees. Kellogg’s cornflakes is likewise give a client care, it is reasonable by each sort of individuals, we can get it from each sort of mall and its broadly accessible so natural to buy.TYPES OF PRODUCT Convection Kellogg’s is accessible in each strip mall it is a morning meal so individuals get it normally and it is low evaluated so everybody can get it without any problem. It is generally accessible and frequently high brand reliability which is kellogg’s. Claim to fame Kellogg’s corn drops is accessible in all superstore so individuals can get it effectively and in rivalry with other brand of item corn chips is great and less successive extravagance buys. This item has an individual selling aptitudes. On the pack of this item they give all the data so ustomer can get all data about necessities/assemble bunches of data before purchasing. Shopping Relatively costly with rare buys. Normally happening with clie nt information comparable to the high market brands. According to kellogg’s, this item is showcased inside major superstores and has an assortment of high rivalry with other known brands, e. g. Settle. For this situation, a high brand drove would be oats which would be focused on specific clients for instance weight watching clients. Unsought Distress buys with little pleasure.Marketers need to make clients mindful of where they are accessible to make inclinations. Kellogg’s have moved toward this by publicizing and advancing distinctive corn pieces e. g. chocolate drops or nectar covered pieces. For the selling of result of Kellogg’s we have to comprehend the client conduct. The conduct incorporates what they may purchase? For what reason do they purchase? When do they purchase? Furthermore, where do they purchase? The modular of client purchaser conduct incorporates the 4ps where advertise incitement happens. Other market incitements incorporate; monetary, inn ovative, political and cultural.Consumer dynamic For the customer dynamic first in the event that all we have to think about the issue, at that point look for the explanation of that then elective advancement at that point buy assessment so then we can get buy choice and conduct then we can get our post buy assessment. BRAND LOYALTY Brand demeanor There are various kinds of mentality for various brands. At the point when we see the corn pieces above all else we goe the brand kellogg’s in our psyche and it makes constructive picture in our brain, which is a significant thing for the product.Corn drops is the exceptionally well known and dependable brand so individuals got a decent picture of this brand, so with the great and achievement picture brand its make a positive brand mentality. Brand inclination Why client should purchase that specific brand then the other brand it rely upon the nature of brand, amount of brand, prise of brand, steadfastness of brand. Kellogg’s corn chips is the greater quality brand, extremely old and trustable, great amount, reasonable, so with this inclinations client purchase this brand all the more then the other brand.Brand loyalty When client get happy with the brand they will like some change with a similar item at that point on the off chance that they think that its progressively trustworthy they will proceed with purchase that brand over the significant stretch of time. kellogg’s is the old and trustable brand. Clients are utilizing this brand been long time so with center around client needs kellogg’s giving a few decisions the flavor and other item too. E. g. coco pops, crunchy nut nutty, all grain. and so on. Customer purchasing choice processFirst of all in purchasing this procedure ther are various stages with the choice so initial step is all out set when u got heaps of things infront of you then you perceive mindfulness, at that point thought set after that you’ll get some chosen thi ngs to decision in the decision set at that point can settle on your choice. Kellogg's business methodology is clear and centered: * to develop the grain business there are presently 40 unique oats * to extend the nibble business by differentiating into comfort nourishments * to take part in explicit development openings. ProductionCornflakes are created in critical amounts at the Trafford Park industrial facility in Manchester, which is additionally the biggest oat plant on the planet. Grains got from cornflakes A previous patient of the Battle Creek Sanitarium named C. W. Post began an adversary organization, as we as a whole as the major other brand of corn drops in the United States, called Post westies. Australia's Sanitarium likewise makes their own image of corn drops called Skippy corn chips. Also there are numerous conventional brands of corn pieces created by different producers. ttp://www. kelloggs. co. uk/items/cornflakes/Cereal/corn_flakes. aspx Kellogg’s respons ibility At Kellogg’s they are focused on building extraordinary brands. they follow shared qualities, standards and conduct to give high caliber and extraordinary tasting nourishments in a mindful way: * They act with honesty and show regard. * They are generally responsible. * They are energetic about they business, they brands and they nourishment. * They have the modesty and craving to learn. * They love achievement. * They take a stab at simplicity.Kellogg Company has a rich history of corporate social duty, a history that has developed and advanced to meet the complexities of today’s business world and the difficulties of a worldwide society. They organizer, W. K. Kellogg, looked to â€Å"invest my cash in people†. That heritage keeps on directing they organization and they individuals. Corporate duty is a lifestyle at Kellogg. They duties include: * Sustainability †Understanding, overseeing and limiting they sway on the earth to a feasible future for everybody. * Communities †Investing in and improving they networks with the goal that they can arrive at their maximum capacity. They are enthusiastic about their business, there brands and there nourishment. * Market place †Behaving dependably in the commercial center, selling nutritious items, supporting solid ways of life and acting with honesty and holding fast to the most noteworthy moral gauges. * Work place †Promoting decent variety in their work power and guaranteeing a sheltered, solid work environment. They duty to social obligation is as solid today as it was when there organization was established. They are glad for their advancement, yet there is still a lot of they can do. DiversityThey point is that decent variety in Kellogg’s is something you can feel, see and hear †it isn't only a page in the yearly report. Rather assorted variety hits you when you stroll through the entryway. They effectively encour age people to act naturally and utilize the entirety of their abilities to contribute their best every day to support themselves, others and Kellogg’s. They want is for an assorted and comprehensive workforce paying little mind to; language, nationality, work-style, learning style, culture, ethnicity, work level, sex, sexual direction, educational encounters, aptitudes, physical capacities, thinking style and conjugal or family status.Environment They are focused on working a manageable business that expands shareowner esteem and guarantees a superior personal satisfaction for everybody, presently and for a long time into the future. Supportability has consistently been an indispensable piece of Kellogg's formula for progress and it will keep on being in the years to come. Kellogg's advances and keeps up naturally dependable practices to help there clients, shoppers, representatives, and the networks where they work. They lead and develop there business in a way that ensures the earth and exhibits great stewardshi p of there worldAs characteristic restheyces.Kellogg's takes a stab at ceaseless improvement through the advancement of explicit projects that address the natural expense and effect of there exercises, items and administrations. These projects incorporate a promise to utilize assets effectively, limit waste, and measure natural effect Responsible promoting Since its establishment, Kellogg’s has been focused on illuminating customers regarding all ages about the significance of a decent way to deal with diet and physical action. Kellogg’s has set up a worldwide promoting code and a longstanding duty to TV publicizing in a dependable way. This implies: They won't empower over-utilization. They won't use words like ‘king-size’ or ‘super-size’ and all there advancements will delineate reasonable part measures. * They will constantly introduce Kellogg’s breakfast grains as a major aspect of a reasonable breakfast †normally in a family s etting. * They will run adjusted limited time schedules †highlighting a decent blend of fun, training and overallbeing-based exercises for the two grown-ups and kids. * They won't focus on any publicizing at kids under six years old. Work/life balance Creating a workplace which permits the business to convey reliably solid outcomes is basic to there future.Helping to

Biostatistics in Health Sciences Research Paper - 825 Words

Biostatistics in Health Sciences (Research Paper Sample) Content: Running Head: Biostatistics in Health SciencesBiostatistics in Health SciencesAuthor NameAuthor AffiliationDate of submission Biostatistics in Health SciencesStandard deviation (SD), standard error of the mean (SEM), and Confidence Interval (CI) are statistical measures used to express variability in data analysis. All of them tend to be used interchangeably and hence leading to misleading conclusions out of research that may have taken a lot to conduct. Standard deviation characterizes the distance between the individual observations from the mean (Barde, 2012).SD can be expressed mathematically as in the equation below;
where s = sample SD, X is individual value, n is sample size and
=sample mean. A high SD signifies more spread of data whereas a low SD indicates less variability (Barde, 2012). For example, take cholesterol levels of population of 200 healthy individuals. Cholesterol of the most of individuals is between 190-210mg/dl, with a mean (ÃŽÂ ¼) 200mg/ dl and SD (s) 10mg/dl. A study in 10 individuals drawn from same population with cholesterol levels of 180, 200, 190, 180, 220, 190, 230, 190, 190, 180mg/dl gives
= 195 mg/dl and SD (s) = 17.1 mg/dl.Standard error of the mean (SEM) measures the standard deviation of mean of random samples drawn from the original population to determine the precision with which the sample mean estimates the mean of the population. SEM quantifies uncertainty in the estimation of the mean and it can be expressed mathematically as shown in the equation below;
Where  QUOTE

 (Barde, 2012).On its own SEM has no great importance. It serves the purpose of helping coming up with the CI.Confidence interval refers to a range of values that act as an embodiment of the true value of the population. CI is calculated for any desired degree of confidence by using sample size and variability (SD) of the sample, although 95% CIs are by far the most commonly used; indicating that the level of certainty to include true parameter value is 95%. As seen above the three analytical measurements should not be used interchangeably and the learners should be taught how to differentiate them.The CI for a true population with a mean can be expressed mathematically by the equation below;
Where s = SD of sample; n=sample size; Z is the value of the standard normal distribution with a particular confidence level. Normally, for 95% CI, Z= 1.96 (Barde, 2012).2. Confounding refers to the covering of true effect of a risk-causing factor on a disease by the presence of another variable. Potential Confounders are usually picked statistically depending on whether the significance is above 10% when using the multivariable logistic regression. An interaction on the other hand is an association where the effect of X on Y depends on the level of a third variable. For example, the odds ratio that measures the association between cigarette smoking and lung cancer may be smaller among individuals who consume large qu antities of beta-carotene in their food when compared to the analogous odds ratio among persons who consume little or no beta carotene in their food (Wang, 2013).Confounding takes place when the association between a risk variable and an outcome are strongly associated with the effect of a third variable. An infection can occur as a result of interaction among the risk factors. Interaction, otherwise called effect modification, is concerned with the manner in which two or more impending risk factors act together. In an analysis using regression, confounding variables can more often than not be sufficiently handled by including them in the model, if there is overlap in the confounding variables between the unexposed and the exposed population (Pabon, 2010).3. The reason behind obtaining the information for control subjects is to signal any contamination or errors made during the test experiment. For example, in our case study, the control information is taken to mark the difference b etween the creatinine/protein levels urine obtained from the patients with renal disease and urine obtained from health...

The Definitive Strategy for College Essay Writing Service

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